Blacks were forbidden to marry outside their race. There were drinking fountains meant only for whites. Schools were segregated and there were no schools that had both black and white students. Even a student living close to a school legally designated for another race would have to look somewhere else. It was common for blacks to go to older school buildings with fewer resources.
Teachers in mixed-race schools were also paid less than those in white schools. Native American Indians, too, were subjected to some form of de jure segregation. As the government seized their land, they were forced to live in reservations. These reservations were considered quasi-sovereign nations. This was a way of separating the Native Americans from the white population. De facto i. In contrast, de jure i.
In de facto segregation, blacks were still made to make way for whites in buses and other public places. The Jim Crow laws are an example of segregation made lawful. Board of Education , Parents Involved v. Seattle , Equal protection , Intent , Northern segregation , Southern segregation. Elise C. Her scholarship, which has appeared in leading law reviews, explores the possibilities and limits of law as a tool for racial equality and social change.
Her commentary has appeared in multiple media outlets, including the New York Times. As a founding trustee of the New Jersey Coalition for Diverse and Inclusive Schools, she is leading an effort to integrate public schools in New Jersey.
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Oxford Handbooks Online. Though intentional de jure racial segregation of schools was banned by the Civil Rights Act of , the fact that school enrollment is often based on how far students live from the school means that some schools remain de facto segregated today. As the legally imposed separation of any group of people, de jure segregation is not limited to cases of racial discrimination. Today, it is more often seen in areas such as gender and age. Men and women have long been separated by law in prisons and public restrooms, as well as in law enforcement and military settings.
In the U. Under the Military Selective Service Act of , only young men must register for the draft. This male-only draft restriction has often been challenged in court, and on February 25, , a federal judge in Texas ruled that it violated the 14th Amendment to the U. The government was expected to appeal the ruling to the Supreme Court. In less obvious occupational examples, laws may require that hospitals hire only female nurses to care for female patients, and the Transportation Security Administration TSA is required by law to hire female officers to perform body searches on female airline passengers.
While the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of ADEA protects job applicants and employees 40 years of age and older from discrimination in many areas of employment, de jure age segregation is found in the area of allowed and mandatory retirement ages.
The ADEA specifically allows state and local governments to set minimum retirement ages for their employees to as young as Mandatory retirement ages are often legally imposed on state and local judges, and many law enforcement jobs have mandatory maximum hiring ages.
In the private sector, the Fair Treatment for Experienced Pilots Act of increased the mandatory retirement age for commercial pilots from age 60 to Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data.
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